La scuola analizzata da Paola Mastrocola e Luca Ricolfi è davvero così?

Davide Bennato586 Comments

Alfonso D’Ambrosio è stato docente di matematica e fisica presso l’ISS Carlo Cattaneo di Monselice, ora è Dirigente Scolastico di IC Lozzo Atestino di Vo’ (un istituto scolastico piuttosto “celebre” suo malgrado)
Forte della sua esperienza di docente e di educatore, ha scritto su Facebook un post molto lungo e articolato che inizia come recensione del libro di Paola Mastrocola e Luca Ricolfi “Il danno scolastico” e termine con una riflessione a tutto campo sulla scuola, il suo ruolo e i limiti di alcune analisi.
Ho chiesto ed ottenuto da lui stesso l’autorizzazione a pubblicarlo sul mio blog sia perchè è una recensione accuratissima, sia perchè mi sembra un ottimo punto di partenza per riflettere sulla scuola.
Le enfasi nel testo sono mie

PREMESSA
Non avevo mai letto nulla di Paola Mastrocola, ma vi assicuro che ho letto questo libro e, a dispetto di tante persone che hanno scritto su questo libro, io l’ho letto per bene e l’ho pure studiato nella sua parte statistica (chi vi scrive è fisico e dirigente scolastico, e sottolineo: prima fisico e poi dirigente scolastico) quindi non vi parlerò per sentito dire o per aver letto riassunti e recensioni altrui.
Non conosco gli autori, non sapevo nulla dei loro libri precedenti. L’ho comprato perché mi affascinava il titolo, quindi l’ho letto con spirito di accoglienza e curiosità (senza essere prevenuto).

 

I FATTI
Gli autori partono da una ipotesi della Mastrocola del 2017, cosiddetta della disuguaglianza, ovvero: una scuola di bassa qualità (che prepara male), che è fortemente permissiva, che tende a promuovere tutti, a non bocciare, a ridurre le richieste cognitive, è una scuola che alimenta la disuguaglianza sociale, il tasso di iniquità.
Possiamo misurare il grado di iniquità come il rapporto tra chi nei ceti alti al termine degli studi raggiunge il ceto alto e chi tra i ceti bassi, al termine degli studi raggiunge i ceti alti.
Sto semplificando, ma il tasso di iniquità, in Italia è 4.0!!
In sostanza se nasci in una famiglia ricca, agiata, se sei figlio di avvocato, hai una possibilità 4 volte maggiore di fare l’avvocato o il notaio, rispetto ad un tuo compagno che nasce in una famiglia di idraulici.
Secondo Mastrocola, una scuola permissiva, di bassa qualità, aumenta tale tasso di iniquità.
Ricolfi verifica l’ipotesi utilizzando i dati ISTAT recenti per il ceto sociale e i dati Invalsi come Proxy, non essendoci oggi alcun dato che misura il grado di qualità (discipline? Programmazioni svolge? Etc.) delle Istituzioni scolastiche e il loro impatto sul processo di apprendimento.
I dati sono sbalorditivi (vi risparmio dettagli al contorno su alcuni indici) .
Una scuola che abbassa l’asticella, che riduce le richieste, che promuove a tutti i costi, in sostanza porta quel rapporto a 5 e oltre.
Soffoca ancora di più le possibilità di ascensore sociale.
Una scuola di qualità invece riduce quel rapporto a meno di 3 e, in luoghi come il sud, fa una differenza enorme.
Una scuola di qualità è davvero una scuola che fa la differenza, che premia, ma soprattutto permette ai meritevoli e capaci di svincolarsi dal loro stato sociale e di invertire la rotta.

 

L’ANALISI
Gli autori non dicono cosa è per loro una scuola di qualità, ma si limitano a raccontare quello che hanno visto.
Con i loro occhi. Con le loro esperienze.
Ricolfi, docente universitario, se la cava anche bene.
Descrive una università dove il livello medio degli studenti e dei docenti si è abbassato. Da una parte a causa di esami spezzettati in esamini, dall’altra perché il docente universitario deve inseguire le pubblicazioni e poi fare didattica (lo scrive in molte pagine, riassumo solo le sue opinioni)
Mastrocola è più diretta e lo fa con una scrittura a tratti davvero coinvolgente ed emozionante.
È il momento in cui parla della parafrasi, per me il passo più bello del libro. Qui si vede che Mastrocola ha una passione smodata per la letteratura, la sua penna si illumina. Spiega che le parafrasi sono quasi sparite dai libri di teso scolastici, che si è ceduto il posto ad una scuola facile, riduttiva. Ad una scuola dove si fanno riassunti, magari trovati su Wikipedia, in nome di un promuviamoli tutti…
Racconta dei suoi anni alle scuole medie dove si studiava il latino e di come questo l’ha portata a livelli alti di istruzione.
In un passo molto forte critica Don Milani, a suo dire, tra i promotori di una scuola che ha abbassato la sua qualità, dando a Gianni e a Pierino una scuola pratica, piuttosto che cultura astratta.
Critica anche la scuola delle competenze recente e la scuola progettificio.
Insomma critica e criticano la scuola data in mano ai progressisti, causa di tutti i Mali della scuola…
Mastrocola e Ricolfi non citano in alcun punto nessuna teoria o modello pedagogico degli ultimi 60 anni.
Non citano mai nomi come Malaguzzi, Dewey, Castelnuovo, Montessori, Ciari…
In realtà non citano mai neppure le scienze o l’arte o la musica o la danza…
Per Mastrocola sembra esserci solo la latteratura.
E nel leggerli sembra essere immersi in una scuola di 60 anni fa.
Fatta da lezioni frontali, libri cartacei, interrogazioni…
Per loro questa scuola del passato è morta
Ma è davvero così?
Cari Mastrocola e Ricolfi, vi scrivo dopo aver letto il vostro libro.
E chi vi scrive non solo lo ha letto, ma lo ha capito.
Appartengo, potrei dire, a quegli studenti che voi chiamate plus dotati.
A scuola ho sempre preso 10 o quasi. All’università sempre 30 o 30 e lode.
Mi sono diplomato nel 1996 e la mia scuola era uguale a quella che vissuto come docente.
Non ho visto grandi differenze tra la scuola del 1996 e quella del 2015!!
Eppure nella vostra scuola io mi annoiavo. E mi annoiavo non perché era una scuola di qualità, ma perché io volevo fare altro.
I miei prof parlavano di parafrasi e di verbi e declinazioni, o di esercizi e derivate, mentre io volevo capire come funzionava l’universo!!
In quella vostra scuola non ho mai fatto attività di gruppo.
I banchi erano sempre rivolti verso il docente.
Esistevano i primi pc, ma non li utilizzavamo!
Non ho studiato latino alle medie, ma ho fatto il liceo scientifico con latino e pure informatica e mi sono laureato anche con 110 e lode.
Voi dite che la vostra scuola oggi è morta.
Ha ceduto il passo a progressisti, alla scuola azienda, dove le competenze si riducono solo a saper fare, avvitare etc.
Ma ne siete certi?
No perché io fino al 2019 ho insegnato matematica e fisica nei licei, e ho visto proprio la vostra scuola, quella di 60 anni fa.
Ho visto banchi in posizioni frontali.
Ho visto la cattedra. Ho visto pagine e pagine di appunti di carta
La Scuola delle competenze?
Tranquilli, oggi pochissimi lavorano per competenze, perché forse è difficile o perché nessuno glielo ha mai insegnato. O forse perché è difficile lavorare per competenze.
Insomma, tranquilli, la scuola di oggi, non è cambiata poi così tanto rispetto alla scuola di 50 anni fa.
E se un docente, se lei, viole fare lezione frontale tutti i giorni o zitti e buoni a fare parafrasi, potete farlo! Nessuno vi impone nulla.
Nella vostra indagine, affascinante, nella verifica della vostra ipotesi manca un dato fondamentale:
Non misurate il tasso di iniquità della vostra scuola, di quella che avete frequentato, quella degli anni 60 e 70 o 80 o la mia anni 90.
Non lo potete fare, certo, perché non avete i dati Invalsi.
Ma siamo certi che quella scuola non fosse più iniqua di quella di oggi?
E siamo certi che il tasso di iniquità ci dica tutto di Gianni e Pierino?
Perché vedete, in tutto questo, non fate entrare i Gianni e i Pierino che rimangono nei ceti bassi, ma che magari hanno fatto arte e musica e magari sono stati indirizzati da una scuola che ha saputo guardare Gianni e Pierino per quello che sono e non solo per la loro capacità di fare parafrasi.
Anche su Don Milani avrei qualcosa da dire: la scuola di Don Milani era una scuola seria, si studiava anche di sabato e domenica, si andava a scuola ogni giorno. Non si faceva latino, ma si insegnava a vivere. Perché Gianni e Pierino nella vostra scuola si perdevano.

 

CONCLUSIONI
Su una cosa però concordo con voi, la scuola in questi anni ha avuto, ha subito troppe riforme, ma non riforme sistemiche, ma piccoli rattoppi.
Sistemiamo l’esame di stato qui, togliamo questo di là etc.
E forse si poteva e si può lavorare di più sulla qualità, che però c’è, esiste. Venite in alcune scuole, veniteci voi e portateci anche il mondo dell’Università, che magari capisce cosa fa la scuola!
Giorni fa leggevo, in un post, di una scuola che ha “curvato” (eh oggi si parla così) il proprio indirizzo verso l’intelligenza artificiale, l’iot, i big data e cose del genere.
Lo ha fatto utilizzando l’autonomia scolastica, ma soprattutto lo ha fatto decidendo, come scriveva l’autore, in poche settimane.
In poche settimane… Capite?
Ora io ho studiato Iot, big data e intelligenza artificiale, ma non sapevo che questa mia curvatura oggi andasse di moda.
Insomma, concordo con voi, quando dite che la scuola deve vantarsi quando dice che si fa pensiero, critico, logico, si insegna e bene la filosofia o la matematica. La vera scuola di qualità è quella che ti permette di curvare e di di lasciarti libero di scegliere, anche attraverso le discipline o meglio la loro commistione. .
Ed allora su questo sono concorde con voi: la scuola, che non è la vostra, oggi trova dall’altra parte innovatori che non hanno la stessa forza della vostra scuola.
Almeno la vostra scuola, quella che mi ha sempre annoiato, aveva il gusto dell’antico, della noia, delle lezioni e compiti infiniti, era la scuola che uccideva la creatività, ma almeno sapeva perché lo faceva: per essere uguale a se stessa!
Quella di alcuni innovatori ha il gusto dell’improvvisazione.
E allora avete ragione anche nelle vostre conclusioni : occorre ricostruire la scuola pezzo pezzo, ma i pezzi buoni non sono da voi, da quella vecchia scuola (che è pure presente oggi e in tantissimi docenti e nella cultura dei molti) e non sono neppure dalla parte opposta, degli innovatori improvvisati, colorati e fascinosi, che cambiano indirizzi e discipline in poche settimane, per il tempo di un post.
Miglioriamo la scuola, ma con tempi e persone nuove.
Subito

 

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